Deep Ecololgy Essay Example For Students

Deep Ecololgy Essay Deep Ecology/EcosophyThe ideas behind deep ecology have major implications today. They allow people to think more profoundly about the environment and possibly come to a better understanding of their own meaning. People are intensely concerned about the worlds technological adolescence, massive consumerism, and overpopulation. A man named Arne Naess, former head of the philosophy department at the University of Oslo founded an idea that can direct peoples anxiety away from their shallow notion of the problem to one that is much deeper. Deep ecology goes beyond the limited piecemeal shallow approach to environmental problems and attempts to articulate a comprehensive religious and philosophical worldview. (EE p.145) In its most basic form, deep ecology is a wisdom, an ecosophy, which requires humans to see themselves as part of the bigger picture. Naess, Devall, and Sessions outline basic principles of deep ecology in their writing. Furthermore, they address the roles that scientific ecology plays as well as the concept of self-realization. Aside from these ideas, ecosabotage needs to be discussed in terms of how it fits with the practice of deep ecology. The basic principles of deep ecology as characterized by the authors mentioned, show us what is supposedly wrong with the world and also give us a framework by which we can make a change. In fact, Naess and Sessions went camping in Death Valley, California in order to gain a different perspective. They condensed fifteen years their thought on the topic of deep ecology in an effort to make it appeal to people from all kinds of backgrounds. They also emphasize that these principles must all be considered together. The first principle states that the value of life, human or non-human, is intrinsic. This means that everything about it is valuable, including individuals, species, populations, habitat, and culture. When considering non-human life, it important to remember that deep ecology likes to include that which can be classified as non-living such as bodies of water and landscapes. Essentially, the presence of inherent value in a natural object is independent of any awareness, interest, or appreciation of it by a conscious being. (EE p.147) Another principle states that the diversity of life forms contributes to our appreciation of their value, but again, they also have values in and of themselves. The ecological field worker (persons with first hand experience with life forms) is highly aware of this. To the ecological field worker, the equal right to live and blossom is an intuitively clear and obvious value axiom. Unfortunately, most humans limit this care for humans only, which is a terr ible ?anthropocentrism. Modern society has done much to prevent us from relationships with non-human life and thus contributed to our own loss. Diversity improves chances of survival by means of creating new ways to live in many different forms. Deep ecology likes to reevaluate the concept of survival of the fittest to one that preaches harmonious coexistence instead killing and domination. Again, this idea is included in the context of human culture and economy. ?Live and let live is a more powerful ecological principle than ?Either you or me (EE p.135)Sessions and Naess make it another principle that humans have no right to reduce richness and diversity of life, except to fulfill vital needs. First-world nations are not going to reduce their negative effects on the non-human world in record breaking time. Strategies need to be adopted to bring about change to get rid of human delusion and laziness on these issues. Time is of great importance, considering the longer we wait the gre ater the problem will become. Richness and diversity face major losses given the extinction rate in our time is exponentially greater than in the past. Organizational Behavior and Concepts EssayEcosabotage is the most controversial issue surrounding deep ecology. Whether or not the philosophy behind deep ecology justifies these actions, is another question. Ecologists are indispensable tools in all societies because they can use their knowledge for political benefit. They can choose what companies they want to work for depending on their policies. Excitingly, the more ecologists there are, the more ignorant companies will suffer. Ecosabotage is when these kinds of principles go ?on steroids. Ecosaboteurs have been known to put spikes on forest trees, vandalize fur clothing, organize violent protests, and even burn down fancy resorts like the recent attack on Vail. They often feel that the only way to make a difference is too become extreme. These stunts do gain plenty of publicity and most probably influence the way many people think. The downside however, is that these attack can anger companies and make them less respectful of t he ecologists, resulting in little progress. Furthermore, the philosophy of deep ecology is peaceful and meditative. In order for things to happen quickly however, action needs to be taken. This century promises all kinds of environmental disasters. Maybe ecosabotage and revolutionary measures are the only way to get a good start on prevention. Deep ecology makes a good deal of sense. Before learning about this, shallow ecology seemed legitimate. Clearly, the principles behind deep ecology could be far more productive than anything practiced today. Some will argue that complete acceptance of deep ecology is absurd. Completely neglecting our anthropocentric perspective means that we have forgotten where we stand in the whole picture. We have been around a short while in comparison with life of the earth. It could easily go through another dramatic climatic shift and we would be history, and probably succeeded by a new form of life. The point is that humans share something valuable. Of course it is anthropocentric and it is worth saving. The other issue that seems debatable is the current state of economics and the market. These writing by Naess and company are somewhat dated and much has changed since then with the advent of the Internet. Is global village really such a bad thing if we use it properly? Deep ecology wants to preserve cultures and independent economies. I do not know which side to join at this point in time. I want to believe in most of what deep ecology holds true, however some issues make me uncertain. Ethics and Morals

The Development of an Effective Marketing Plan and Its Management

Introduction Marketing management entails the utilization of ample business strategies that can lead to organizational success, performance, as well as productivity. This entails an integration of marketing mix strategies via appropriate business planning with an intention of enhancing business sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of an Effective Marketing Plan and Its Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The facilitation of marketing management entails conducting a situation analysis by market researchers, aimed at identifying the key features of organizational internal and external environment. The key essence of a situation analysis is demonstrated in the development of an effective marketing plan. Consideration of both internal and external organizational variables offers a direction for effective construction of a situation analysis, which is an appropriate measurement for o rganizational level of development. Recent research addresses an essence of conducting organizational SWOT analysis, which helps in identification of organizational strengths and weaknesses in addition to opportunities and threats. A comprehensive SWOT Analysis is significant in the development of strategies that foster development. Therefore, individual elements expression of SWOT analysis by managers who spearhead marketing outlines is crucial in conduction of strategic marketing processes (Barron and Hollingshead, 2002). The discussion in this paper explores the issue of marketing management in relation to situation analysis and its essence in the development of a marketing plan. A guide to the steps involved construction of a situation analysis will also be presented. More over, it is crucial to investigate into the necessity of managers in organizational marketing department conducting SWOT analysis. Furthermore, an establishment of how marketing managers should express their p ersonal business elements will ultimately be established. Role played by situation analysis in the development of a marketing plan Marketing plan development is highly attributed to effectiveness in situation analysis conduction. The recent few decades have seen situation analysis gaining popularity among practitioners, researchers, as well as academicians, due to the identification of strategic roles, which it plays. The organizational external and environment is easily studied with the conduction of a situation analysis.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The identification of the organizational environment aids in providing a direction for strategic planning as well as identification of major challenges likely to invade a business. Research findings consider situation analysis to serve as a linkage of resources that an organization possesses to its competitive advantage in a volatile environment. A situation analysis aids n the identification of possible risks. This is a genuine step in the laying of appropriate mitigation of risk strategies as a risk management planning methodology. Strategic business positioning is highly attributed to the effectiveness in the conduction of situation analysis. It is crucial for a business to position itself at a strategic point to enhance their ability in overcoming common business challenges, for instance competition, crisis in the economy as well as internal threats (Pellettiere, 2006). Additionally, the management of organizational change is boosted when an effective situation analysis framework is drawn. Situation’s framework helps market researchers and organizational management in identifying areas that need change and develop a plan that can facilitate the implementation of change management strategies. It is in situation analysis that the strengths of an organization are realized, which the organizatio nal management utilizes to implement change management strategies for enhancement of competitive advantage. Identification of opportunities is ample in construction of weaknesses overcoming programs, while the realization of threats is constructive in setting management standards to a level of overcoming organizational threats (Pellettiere, 2006). Array of internal and external variables a marketing manager would need to consider when constructing a situation analysis A variety of internal and external variables need be considered by marketing managers in the process of constructing a situation analysis. The situation analysis entails an analysis of SWOT, organizations market structure, market forces that are in influence of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of an Effective Marketing Plan and Its Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Variables are items within and outside an organization that influence the operations, and accumulate to become a sum total of an item of concern within the organization (Reed, 2003). The internal variables play a pivotal role in driving organizational success. However, many organizations have failed in their operation as a result of violating the most crucial of these. For instance, marketing managers need to consider communication models thriving within his organization. Secondly, leadership components must be carefully evaluated and analyzed in the construction of a situation analysis. The resources that an organization has are also a crucial component n the process of situation analysis construction. Other internal variables are organization’s capabilities for research and development, capabilities that human resource has to execute their duties in accordance to organizational requirements. More over, a consideration for competitive position of an organization is crucial in the process of constructing a situation analysis. Furthermore, it is crucial that responsiveness and coordination of operations management as well as the control of marketing strategies play an important part in the construction of situation analysis (Reed, 2003). The external variables include marketing managers need to diagnose and analyze macro-level factors like the economy and social-cultural factors in addition to , legal and political factors. It is also vital to consider competition review, an analysis of the customers, characteristics of the supply characteristics etc. An understanding of organizational distribution channels versus buyers also plays a vital role in the construction of the situation analysis (Reed, 2003). Guide for the construction of an effective situation analysis Every organization must have an effective situation analysis constructed in order to succeed in marketing management plans. The first step need be the realization of the significance and the scope of such a planning for effective marke ting strategies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The products and the experience of an organization must be carefully considered in addition to provision of a clear definition of business. The market that is prevailing and its forces are also a component that needs be identified Reed, 2003). The second step entails the marketing managers need to evaluate and diagnose the internal organizational variables/ characteristics, which are important in the construction of a situation analysis, a process that aids in new strategies implementation within an organization. The internal characteristics are those that directly affect its operations. These include the models of leadership, management, organization, commitment, and participation that are emphasized within the organization. The internal environment of an organization is also dictated by non-marketing capabilities such as human resource functions, responsiveness, and activities coordination within an organization. Non-marketing capabilities are also marked by the financial position as well as the position for competition within the volatile environment. Marketing capabilities need be analyzed that include the company’s sustained and target customers, competitive environment (Reed, 2003). Thirdly, the marketing managers need to analyze the external environment, which entails an investigation into the macro-environment as social, political, and economic factors need be analyzed. The managers need to perform an environmental scanning technique with an aim of identifying channels, the scope of competition, organizational customers as well characteristics of supply. The identification of the external environment is crucial in development of marketing planning strategies as well as ultimate implementation for productivity enhancement (Reed, 2003). The evaluation of the internal and external organizational environment acts as a driver to the management conduction of situation analysis. This employs appropriate analysis tools and techniques that help realize o rganizational threats, opportunities, as well as weaknesses. The analysis acts as a rationale for strategy implementation towards a new business course. Self-identification paves way for change, which is always an inevitable component within business fields. This type of identification is ample in spearheading development plans as well as strategies (Reed, 2003). The ultimate step involves the realization of the key organizational competitors in relation to their operations, core business, as well as strategic operations. Today’s environment has become so volatile in terms of competition due to the emergence of organizations that rhyme in the production areas, producing similar products and brands. It is therefore ample foe an organization to focus on the identification of such components in business. It is crucial at this stage to select a number of competitors to analyze and come up with a rationale for competition eradication. The investigation into competitors need be bas ed on the marketing strategies that are commonly in utilization by major organizations as a prerequisite for creation of new business forms and performance strategies (Reed, 2003). Importance of SWOT analysis Identification of opportunities, threats, and weaknesses, as well as strengths is crucial since is a fundamental concept for marketing management. The SWOT analysis serves as a ground for self-classification and realization by the organization. This realization acts as a factor that dictates the organizational direction. Valuation of a company can be attained via conduction of a situation analysis. SWOT helps identify opportunities in the internal and external environment, which would act as avenues for organizational expansion. Business expansion in the local and international realms is facilitated by the opportunities that are available for development of new products as well as organizational structure (Albright, 2004). SWOT helps in the organizational alertness due to the r ampant threats that act as invaders of the business organization. This system helps identify future business loopholes that would easily lead to the collapse of a business. Swot analysis is a tool for the establishment of a strategic position, which is ample in dealing with threats that cannot be dealt with easily. Some threats are fatal to an organization, especially when change is not effectively managed by the stakeholders concerned. It is also essential to recognize that SWOT analysis sets a base for research conduction within an organization, where marketing managers are able to take a distinct direction in their operations. Strategic marketing is facilitated by the synthesis of those SWOT procedures that could be evaluated and described. It is with SWOT analysis that an organization develops a new direction in the marketing management and in the development of planning models (Novicevic, et al., 2004). Importance of SWOT analysis framework in the development of marketing strat egies Marketing strategies need be attributed to a comprehensive analysis in terms of external and internal environments via environmental scanning. The identification of the organizational strengths helps in measuring the capability that an organization has to help it deal with the upcoming challenges. Identification of strengths helps in setting new and suitable future objectives in the marketing realms. The strengths are also ample to help the company set targets for business within the internal and the external realms. Additionally, the identification of opportunities acts as a base for setting new Customer relationship strategies that are aimed at reaching more customers. Opportunity identification is an instrument that paves way for employee and management commitment to work towards the achievement of a larger target market (Raaij, 2005). Change implementation is also easy when an organization is able to identify the opportunities. More over, the threats that an organization e xpects to meet with are easily identified, a factor that makes it possible for identification of new distribution channels. Responsiveness and coordination of marketing development strategies is possible via newly developed channels. The weaknesses identification helps the management in the revision of the management frameworks, a factor that leads to strategic marketing techniques build up. The Swot analysis is an ample tool for an organization to identify new outsourcing strategies that would easily enhance the corporate governance. The corporate governance is important because of enhancing organizational competitive advantage, which leads to the development of marketing strategies (Freeman, 2005). Expression of individual elements by managers in their SWOT The development of ample marketing strategies calls for a coordination of the most important factors that drive organizational success. Marketing managers play a pivotal role in the development of marketing plans, therefore, th ey need to be very enthusiastic, be interested in the projects that are at hand, as well as be experienced in marketing strategies. The elements that are ample for managers to possess are determination, commitment, and excellent leadership. They should also be able to possess motivated attitudes for strategy implementation and their manipulation to get the expected results for development of strategic marketing plans. Self-driven attitudes are crucial in development of new tactics (Pellettiere, 2006). In the expression of individual elements by managers, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats need be cautiously addressed. For instance, a big corporation like the coca cola company has strength due to possession a strong brand name. The marketing manager at Coca Cola Company need find out the extent to which the name has played a role in the company’s market expansion and find out the best ways in which the name can be utilized to develop a better market for thei r products. The brand name is ample in the establishment of appropriate Customer Relationship Management strategies in the internal and external markets (Pellettiere, 2006). Secondly, the marketing manager at the coca cola company needs address on the company opportunities that can foster the development of a marketing plan. For instance, they can sponsor the world cup or other activities in most countries, whose ultimate goal is to promote their corporate social responsibility as well as competitive advantage. The competitive advantage makes the company to market their brand name a well as their products over a wide market scope. On the other hand, competition as a threat to the company, hence they can address the best strategies that would easily overcome the threats, others that are not easy to deal with. The marketing managers need express their commitment in dealing with both internal and external threats. Finally, the managers are entrusted with evaluating and synthesizing mod els that are suitable in addressing the organizational weaknesses. On the realization that a company is in financial crisis, intelligence of the managers plays a pivotal role in addressing the need. It is important that they come up with marketing plans that are cheap in terms of financing and that are expensive in marketing the company’s products. The elements of managers in the development of marketing strategies that are competitive is crucial in enhancing marketing management (Pellettiere, 2006). Conclusion The viability of any business venture depends on the location in which it operates. In this case, a situation analysis is very important before setting up a business, as it supports an investor in drawing a business plan. It is important to understand the external business environment, as this will allow the entrepreneur to plan strategic positioning of the new venture. Various factors affect the external environment including economic conditions, socio-cultural factor s, political stability, and available technology. In addition, it is important to draw a situation analysis framework especially in times of change, as this will enhance effective change management. In constructing a situation analysis framework, a number of steps is adopted, the first one being realization of the significance and the scope of such a planning for effective marketing strategies, which also entail understanding the business clearly. The second step involves evaluating the internal organizational variables that influence strategy implementation in an organization. This includes a SWOT analysis that identifies the various strengths inherent in the firm, weaknesses that need to be worked upon, opportunities that the firm needs to pursue, and threats that are likely to affect the smooth running of the business. The third step involves scanning the external environment in order to understand what game plan the business should play in order to be competitive. The external e nvironment evaluation will entail identifying the main competitors, the products they offer and strategies they use in the market, as well as other external variables included in PEST. Lastly, SWOT analysis is an important tool in a business especially in formulation and implementation of marketing strategies. A firm will need to understand its strength, which give it competitive advantage and then work to reinforce them. In addition, understanding weaknesses will help the firm to know what strategy to apply in the market to avoid other firms taking advantage. Moreover, identification of opportunities and threats in the market will; allow the firm to develop marketing strategies that will be unique when compared to competitors. Reference List Albright, K., 2004, Environmental scanning: radar for success. Information Management Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3. ABI/INFORM Global. (Attached material). Barron, J. and Hollingshead, J., 2002, Making segmentation work. Marketing Management, Vol. 1 1, No. 1. ABI/INFORM Global. (Attached material). Freeman, N., 2005, Extended marketing mix drives service delivery. Ophthalmology Times, Vol. 30, Issue 20. (Attached material). Novicevic, M. et al., 2004. Dual-perspective SWOT: a synthesis of marketing intelligence and planning. Marketing intelligence and planning, Vol. 22, No. 1. ABI/INFORM Global. Pellettiere, V., 2006. Organization Self-Assessment to Determine the Readiness and Risk for a Planned. Organization Development Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4. Raaij, E., 2005. The strategic value of customer profitability analysis. Marketing intelligence and planning, Vol. 23, No. 4/5. ABI/INFORM Global. Reed, P. (2003). Strategic Marketing Planning. Australia: Thomson. This essay on The Development of an Effective Marketing Plan and Its Management was written and submitted by user Neil T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

marketing ch.5 Essays

marketing ch.5 Essays marketing ch.5 Paper marketing ch.5 Paper Essay Topic: Literature false When analyzing the immediate environment and the macroenvironment, marketers must be careful to keep the firm at the center of all analyses. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ false In the immediate environment, the competition has no effect on consumers. ⠐ £ false Demographics are transmitted by words, literature, and institutions from generation to generation. ⠐ £ false As the euro becomes more expensive relative to the dollar, Americans are likely to purchase more European wines. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ false Macroenvironmental factors include the company, competition, and corporate partners. ⠐ £ false The global spread of technology has eliminated all differences between cultures. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ false Tweens rarely use any type of technology. false he members of Generation X are also referred to as Digital Natives. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ false One of the social trends discussed in the text that is shaping consumer values in the U.S. and around the world is a concern about the vast disparity in income. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ false Burger King no longer uses SpongeBob SquarePants to promote burgers and fries because the character is no longer popular with young children. ⠐ £ false Socially responsible marketing is defined as a strategic effort by firms to supply customers with environmentally friendly merchandise. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ false Inflation refers to the cost of borrowing money. ⠐ £ identify potential opportunities By paying close attention to customer needs and continuously monitoring the environment in which it operates, a good marketer can ⠐ £ ⠐ £ identify potential opportunties As a retail clothing store manager, Randy frequently asks his staff what customers are saying and what they are asking for. He also attends the quarterly clothing show at the regional merchandise mart. Randys efforts will likely help him to ⠐ £ ⠐ £ all of these The factors in the immediate marketing environment include the actions of the ⠐ £ ⠐ £ consumers The centerpiece of the Marketing Environment Analysis Framework is ⠐ £ competition A firms macroenvironment includes all of the following EXCEPT ⠐ £ ⠐ £ the consumer the center of all marketing efforts is ⠐ £ ⠐ £ her target customers As director of a small art gallery, one of Fredericas major concerns is the preferences of the people who buy her artists work. Frederica recognizes that the center of her marketing efforts is ⠐ £ ⠐ £ to offer greater value than competitors offer. One of the goals of value-based marketing is ⠐ £ ⠐ £ from a customers point of view. Ryan knows that one of the goals of value-based marketing is to provide greater value to consumers than competitors offer. To accomplish this goal, Ryans firm must look at everything it does ⠐ £ ⠐ £ needs, wants, and ability to purchase Yvonne knows her firm must look at everything they do from a consumers point of view. One major difficulty is that a consumers __________ change(s) over time. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ This generation puts a strong emphasis on work/life balance and are experts at using various media forms. Select the statement that best describes the key traits of Generation Y. ⠐ £ Time-poor society When an office supply store offers self-check-out, extended hours at its stores, and online shopping with next day delivery, it is trying to address what type of concern? ⠐ £ privacy. When you register your telephone number with the Do Not Call Registry, you are responding to a need for⠐ £ ⠐ £ the firm itself In the immediate marketing environment, one key factor that affects the consumer is ⠐ £ match their core competencies. Successful firms focus their efforts on satisfying customer needs that ⠐ £ match its core compenetencies The Mayo Clinic in Minnesota is known for top-quality medical care. For decades, even presidents and dictators from around the world flew to the Mayo Clinic to utilize its services. The Mayo Clinic used its reputation to create additional medical facilities in Jacksonville, Florida, and elsewhere. This is an example of a firm focusing its efforts on satisfying customer needs that ⠐ £ all of these When evaluating competitors, marketers need to assess competitors ⠐ £ likely reaction to Yuris promotional activities. Yuri is considering a new promotional campaign in which he will compare his products to those of his competitors. Before initiating the promotional campaign, Yuri will likely assess his competitors strengths, weaknesses, and ⠐ £ ⠐ £ corporate partners The firms that work along with the focal firm to provide goods and services to consumers are viewed as⠐ £ ⠐ £ corporate partners Firms that provide materials, transportation, advertising, accounting, and other goods and services, helping a firm create value for its customers, are called ⠐ £ ⠐ £ external The difference between a firms immediate marketing environment and its macroenvironment is that the macroenvironment is ⠐ £ ⠐ £ culture The shared meanings, beliefs, morals, values, and customs of a group of people constitute their ⠐ £ regional culture Political candidates are notorious for appealing to the different beliefs and values of groups of potential voters in different areas of the country. These politicians are appealing to differences in ⠐ £ ⠐ £ culture Insight Guides, a line of travel books, provides travelers with background information about the peoples beliefs, values, and customs. Insights books educate travelers about a countrys ⠐ £ ⠐ £ can help to identify a particular group that might be interested in the marketers products. When studying culture, the challenge for marketers is to determine whether culture all of these Marketers have learned that culture influences __________ consumers buy. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ country culture Late in the day on September 11, 2001, the day of the World Trade Center attacks, Americans purchased all the American flags Walmart stores had available, nationwide. These purchases were indicative of can be used as a relevant identifier for a particular target group. he United States has often been called the melting pot society, integrating people from many different cultures into the social fabric of the country. The challenge for marketers is to determine whether a groups culture ⠐ £ ⠐ £ all of these identifiable elements of a countrys culture include ⠐ £ ⠐ £ language When considering the use of a radio commercial in England that was designed for U.S. markets, a marketer would likely need to consider which of the following aspects of culture that might be different between the two countries? ⠐ £ regional culture In New England foot-long sandwiches are called grinders while in many other parts of the country they are called subs. This is an example of the impact of ⠐ £ ⠐ £ reduce regional cultural differences. the shift of population from the Rust Belt in the North to the Sun Belt in the South and Southwest will likely ⠐ £ ⠐ £ all of these Typical demographic data include ⠐ £ ⠐ £ demographics When marketers look at advertising media they often begin with viewer or listener profiles such as age, income, gender, and race. They then compare the media profile with their target audience. These marketers are using __________ to see if the media fit with their advertising agenda. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ purchase behavior Generational cohorts are groups of people of the same generation who have similar __________ because they have shared experiences and are in the same stage of life. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ demographic data indicating that Monday Night Football attracts male viewers and the Academy Awards attracts female viewers. Viewers of the baseball World Series are likely to see ads for beer and cars, and viewers of the Academy Awards broadcast (the Oscars) are likely to see ads for clothing and hair care products, due to ⠐ £ baby boomers From a marketing perspective, what separates __________ from the generation before them is that they are individualistic, value leisure time as a high priority, and are trying to maintain their youth. ⠐ £ generation x Marketers selling to the __________ generational cohort need to recognize that these consumers are not too interested in shopping, are cynical, and are less likely to believe advertising claims than the generation(s) before them. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ generation x Julie is an experienced shopper. She has been doing the familys weekly shopping since she was twelve. She is not very interested in status items, and questions advertising claims. Julie is most likely to be in the __________ generational cohort. ⠐ £ ⠐ £ generation x The __________ generational cohort is characterized by the question, Why shop at Neiman Marcus when Kohls and Target are just as good, cheaper, and more convenient? ⠐ £ ⠐ £ generation y Tweens are part of which generational cohort? ⠐ £ greenwashing ABC Company knew that its customers were interested in environmentally friendly business practices, so it began marking all of their products as environmentally friendly because they were made with all natural ingredients, even though ABCs plant was one of the worst polluters in town. The new term for this practice is ⠐ £ income in the United States has become more unevenly distributed. When considering income as a demographic variable affecting marketing efforts, marketers need to recognize that ⠐ £ ⠐ £ creates opportunities to provide value to each group. Astute marketers recognize that the increasing disparity of income between upper- and lower-income groups value ince the late 1970s, most American families have seen their income growth stagnate, with income rising only slightly more than inflation. This has changed many Americans consumers concept of ⠐ £ ⠐ £ useful predictions of purchase behavior. for some products, marketers can combine education level with other data like occupation and income to obtain ⠐ £ ⠐ £ spend their disposable income differently. Marketers know that, compared to high school graduates who are working full time, college students ⠐ £ have been blurred in the past several years. gender roles they speak different languages and come from different cultures. Marketers should not assume that they can target all Asian consumers in the United States with one strategy because approximately 80 percent of all population growth in the next 20 years is expected to come from minority groups. Marketers in the United States are paying increasing attention to ethnic groups because ⠐ £ New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Marketers are more likely to find higher concentrations of foreign-born Americans and recent immigrants in⠐ £ the fastest growing minority population. Though Asian Americans comprise only 3 percent of the U.S. population, they represent ⠐ £ green marketing strategic efforts to supply consumers with environmentally friendly merchandise are called ⠐ £ more green-consumer conscious. Compared to consumers in the United States, Europeans are ⠐ £ ⠐ £ add value that other products do not have. By offering environmentally responsible products, green marketers ⠐ £ ⠐ £ value contributing to a greener environment. Many American consumers are purchasing hybrid automobiles even though they are more expensive and sometimes less fuel efficient when compared to compact conventional autos. These consumers ⠐ £ Honest telemarketers found it easier to reach customers. he U.S. Federal Trade Commission created the Do Not Call Registry to curb problems with unwanted telephone solicitations. Which of the following was NOT one of the results? ⠐ £ his lack of privacy. Recently, Jason, one of the few Americans who has not registered with the Do Not Call Registry, received a call from a marketer suggesting Jason needed additional insurance since he had just become a father and changed jobs. Jason was shocked and very concerned about ⠐ £ grab consumers attention. The many demands on consumers today have made it more difficult for marketers to ⠐ £ ⠐ £ all of these The reality that marketers face consumers who are time poor is illustrated by the fact that ⠐ £ ⠐ £ making their products available whenever and wherever consumers want them. Because Americans are working longer hours without increases in real, disposable income, and are utilizing an army of communication devices to keep up with the demands in their personal and work lives, retailers are ⠐ £ ⠐ £ the time-poor society. David travels a great deal in the course of his business. He has noticed ads in many new places, including fortune cookies, baggage claim conveyor belts, on the sides of buses, etc. Marketers would like to reach David, and are responding to concerns about ⠐ £ ⠐ £ advertising their products heavily on daytime television. Gretchen has a job that requires working late several nights a week. This puts a lot of strain on her to find time to shop and prepare meals for her family. Grocery stores recognize the importance of consumers like Gretchen and have responded in all of the following ways except ⠐ £ meet inventory needs. A recent advance in technology called RFID makes it easier for manufacturers, distributors, and retailers to track items through production, distribution, and sales. This advance helps the firm to ⠐ £ ⠐ £ age When marketers monitor the economic situation affecting their target markets, they are likely to monitor changes in all of the following EXCEPT ⠐ £ Mexican products became more expensive while U.S.-made products became comparatively less expensive. In the early 1990s, the inflation rate in Mexico was twice the rate in the United States, but the Mexican monetary authorities kept the peso/dollar exchange rate almost constant. For Mexican consumers ⠐ £ ⠐ £ more Canadian visitors. Every winter, resort managers in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, check the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar. In recent years, the exchange has changed from approximately $0.65 Canadian dollars per U.S. dollar, to approximately equal value of both currencies (i.e., $1 Canadian is worth about the same as $1 U.S.). These resort managers should expect ⠐ £ ⠐ £ increased choices. Laws that prohibit the formation of monopolies or alliances that would damage a competitive marketplace benefit consumers through ⠐ £ ⠐ £ generation z Which of the following groups has never lived without easy access to the Internet and other digital technologies? ⠐ £ ⠐ £ culture Which of these is a macroenvironmental factor? ⠐ £ ⠐ £ green marketing Kimberly-Clark recently introduced rolls of toilet paper without the cardboard core. What social trend does this product respond to? ⠐ £ ⠐ £ generation z The members of the __________ generational cohort tend to share preferences for TV shows and video games with their parents. ⠐ £ generation z the members of the __________ generational cohort were born into a world where the Internet and extensive digital technologies already existed. ⠐ £ creating an advertising campaign to target elementary school children. If McDonalds wanted to change its marketing strategy in response to the social trends outlined in the text, it might consider all of the following ideas EXCEPT ⠐ £ wireless payments from mobile devices. Suppose that you are the vice president of marketing for Target, the large retail store chain. You want to keep your website and in-store services current with technological advances. You would be experimenting with the next expected development in mobile technology, which is ⠐ £ ⠐ £ greenwashing Some companies have been accused of taking advantage of the current social trend of green marketing, positioning their products as environmentally friendly when this may not actually be the case. This is called ⠐ £ ⠐ £ yoga Part of the social trend toward health and wellness is a concern about the increasing degree of obesity in the United States. In addition, trend-watchers are noting the increasing popularity of ⠐ £ legislation and laws The political/regulatory environment comprises political parties, governmental organizations and ⠐ £ ⠐ £ baby boomer baby boomer gen y Which generation is also known as Millennials? ⠐ £ The first generation of latchkey children. Generation X is is known for which of the following characteristics? ⠐ £ $5,800 the poorest 10 percent of the U.S. population earned an average of _______ in 2010. ⠐ £ African American U.S. households are more affluent than previous studies suggested. Which statement about the changing diversity in the United States is TRUE? ⠐ £ privacy concerns Which social trend would lead you to purchase a protection plan against identity theft? ⠐ £ ⠐ £

Mollusk Facts

Mollusk Facts Mollusks may be the most difficult animal group  for the average person to wrap their arms around: this family of  invertebrates  includes creatures as widely divergent in appearance and behavior as snails,  clams, and cuttlefish. Fast Facts: Mollusks Scientific Name: Mollusca (Caudofoveates, Solanogastres, Chitons, Monoplacophorans, Scaphopods, Bivalves, Gastropods, Cephalopods)Common Name: Mollusks or molluscsBasic Animal Group: Invertebrate  Ã‚  Size: Microscopic to 45 feet in lengthWeight: Up to 1,650 poundsLifespan: Hours to centuries- the oldest is known to have lived over 500 yearsDiet:  Mostly herbivore, except for cephalopods who are omnivoresHabitat: Terrestrial and aquatic habitats on every continent and ocean in the worldConservation Status: Several species are threatened or endangered; one is extinct Description Any group that embraces  squids, clams, and slugs present a challenge when it comes to formulating a general description. There are only three characteristics shared by all living mollusks: the presence of a mantle (the rear covering of the body) that secretes calcareous (e.g., calcium-containing) structures; the genitals and anus opening into the mantle cavity; and paired nerve cords. If youre willing to make some exceptions, most mollusks can also be characterized by their broad, muscular feet which correspond to the tentacles of cephalopods, and their shells (if you exclude cephalopods, some gastropods, and the most primitive mollusks). One type of mollusk, the aplacophorans, are cylindrical worms with neither shell nor foot. Getty Images Habitat Most mollusks are marine animals that live in habitats from shallow coastal areas to deep waters. Most stay within the sediments at the bottom of water bodies, although a few- such as cephalopods- are free swimming. Species There are eight different broad categories of mollusks on our planet. Caudofoveates  are small, deep-sea mollusks that burrow into soft bottom sediments. These worm-like animals lack the shells and muscular feet characteristic of other mollusks, and their bodies are covered with scale-like, calcareous spicules.Solanogastres, like caudofoveata, are worm-like mollusks that lack shells. These small, ocean-dwelling animals are mostly blind, and either flattened or cylindrical.Chitons, also known as polyplacophorans, are flat, slug-like mollusks with calcareous plates covering the upper surfaces of their bodies; they live in intertidal waters along rocky coastlines worldwide.Monoplacophorans are deep-sea mollusks equipped with cap-like shells.  They were long believed to be extinct, but in 1952, zoologists discovered a handful of living species.Tusk shells, also known as scaphopods,  have long, cylindrical shells with tentacles extending from one end, which these mollusks use to rope in  prey from the surrounding water.Bivalves are characterized by their hinged shells and live in both marine and freshwater habitats. These mollusks have no heads, and their bodies consist entirely  of a wedge-shaped foot. Gastropods  are  the most diverse family of mollusks,  including over 60,000 species of  snails and slugs that live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.  Cephalopods, the most advanced mollusks, include  octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and nautiluses. Most of the members of this group either lack shells, or have small internal shells. A tusk shell. Getty Images Gastropods or Bivalves Of the roughly 100,000 known mollusk species, about 70,000 are gastropods, and 20,000 are bivalves or 90 percent of the total. It is from these two families that most people derive their general perception of mollusks as small, slimy creatures equipped with calcareous shells. While the snails and slugs of the gastropod family are eaten the world over (including as escargot in a French restaurant), bivalves are more important as a human food source, including clams, mussels, oysters, and other undersea delicacies. The largest bivalve is the giant clam (Tridacna gigas), which reaches a length of four feet and weighs 500 pounds. The oldest mollusk is a bivalve, the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica), native to the northern Atlantic and known to live at least 500 years; it is also the oldest known animal. Bright yellow banana slug. Alice Cahill/Getty Images Octopuses, Squids, and Cuttlefish Gastropods and bivalves may be the most common mollusks, but cephalopods (the family that includes octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish) are by far the most advanced. These marine invertebrates have astonishingly complex nervous systems, which allows them to engage in elaborate camouflage and even display problem-solving behavior- for example, octopuses have been known to escape from their tanks in laboratories, squish along the cold floor, and climb up into another tank containing tasty bivalves. If human beings ever go extinct, it may well be the distant, intelligent descendants of octopuses that wind up ruling the earth- or at least the oceans! The largest mollusk in the world is a cephalopod, the colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni), known to grow to between 39 and 45 feet and weigh up to 1,650 pounds.   548901005677/Getty Images Diet With the exception of cephalopods, mollusks are by and large gentle vegetarians. Terrestrial gastropods like snails and slugs eat plants, fungi, and algae, while the vast majority of marine mollusks (including bivalves and other ocean-dwelling species) subsist on plant matter dissolved in the water, which they ingest by filter feeding. The most advanced cephalopod mollusks- octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish- feast on everything from fish to crabs to their fellow invertebrates; octopuses, in particular, have gruesome table manners, injecting their soft-bodied prey with venom or drilling holes in the shells of bivalves and sucking out their tasty contents. Behavior The nervous systems of invertebrates in general (and mollusks in particular) are very different from those of vertebrate animals like fish, birds, and mammals. Some mollusks, like tusk shells and bivalves, possess clusters of neurons (called ganglions) rather than true brains, while the brains of more advanced mollusks like cephalopods and gastropods are wrapped around their esophagi rather than isolated in hard skulls. Even more weirdly, most of the neurons of an octopus are located not in its brains, but in its arms, which can function autonomously even when separated from its body. The mouth of a limpet. Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Mollusks generally reproduce sexually, although some (slugs and snails) are hermaphrodites, they still must mate to fertilize their eggs. Eggs are laid singly or in groups within jelly masses or leathery capsules. The eggs hatch into veliger larva- small, free-swimming larvae- and metamorphose into different stages, depending on the species.   Evolutionary History Because modern mollusks vary so widely in anatomy and behavior, sorting out their exact evolutionary relationships is a major challenge. In order to simplify matters, naturalists have proposed a hypothetical ancestral mollusk that displays most, if not all, of the characteristics of modern mollusks, including a shell, a muscular foot, and tentacles, among other things. We dont have any fossil evidence that this particular animal ever existed; the most any expert will venture is that mollusks descended hundreds of millions of years ago from tiny marine invertebrates known as lophotrochozoans (and even that is a matter of dispute). Extinct Fossil Families Examining the fossil evidence, paleontologists have established the existence of two now-extinct classes of mollusk. Rostroconchians lived in the worlds oceans from about 530 to 250 million years ago, and seem to have been ancestral to modern bivalves; helcionelloidans lived from about 530 to 410 million years ago, and shared many characteristics with modern gastropods. Somewhat surprisingly, cephalopods have existed on earth ever since the Cambrian period; paleontologists have identified over two dozen (much smaller and much less intelligent) genera that plied the worlds oceans over 500 million years ago. Mollusks and Humans Wayne Barrett Anne MacKay / Getty Images Over and above their historical importance as a food source- especially in the far east and the Mediterranean- mollusks have contributed in numerous ways to human civilization. The shells of cowries (a type of small gastropod) were used as money by Native Americans, and the pearls that grow in oysters, as the result of irritation by sand grains, have been treasured since time immemorial. Another type of gastropod, the murex, was cultured by the  ancient Greeks for its  dye, known as imperial purple, and the cloaks of some rulers were woven from long threads secreted by the bivalve species Pinna nobilis. Conservation Status There are over 8,600 species listed in the ICUN, of which 161 are considered Critically Endangered, 140 are Endangered, 86 are Vulnerable, and 57 are Near Threatened. One, the Ohridohauffenia drimica was last seen in 1983 in springs feeding the River Drim in Macedonia, Greece and was listed as extinct in 1996. Additional surveys have failed to find it again. Threats The vast majority of mollusks live in the deep ocean and are relatively safe from the  destruction of their habitat and depredation by humans, but thats not the case for freshwater mollusks (i.e., those that live in lakes and rivers) and terrestrial (land-dwelling) species. Perhaps not surprisingly from the perspective of human gardeners, snails and slugs are most vulnerable to extinction today, as they are systematically eradicated by agriculture concerns and picked off by invasive species carelessly introduced into their habitats. Just imagine how easily the average house cat, used to picking off skittering mice, can devastate a near-motionless colony of snails. Lakes and rivers are also prone to the introduction of invasive species, particularly mollusks which travel attached to international seagoing ships. Sources Sturm, Charles F., Timothy A. Pearce, ngel Valdà ©s (eds.). The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study, Collection, and Preservation. Boca Raton: Universal Publishers for the American Malacological Society, 2006.  Fyodorov, Averkii, and Havrila Yakovlev. Mollusks: Morphology, Behavior, and Ecology. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2012. Mollusk Facts Mollusks (Mollusca) is a taxonomic phylum that contains a diverse array of organisms, including snails, sea slugs, octopuses, squid, and bivalves such as clams, mussels, and oysters. Between 50,000 and 200,000 species are estimated to belong to this phylum. Imagine the obvious differences between an octopus and a clam, and youll get an idea of the diversity among mollusks. Fast Facts: Mollusks Scientific Name: Mollusca: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, Monoplacophora, Scaphopoda, Aplacophora, PolyplacophoraCommon Names: Snails, sea slugs, octopuses, squid, and bivalvesBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: Varies from 0.04 inch (solenogasters and gastropods) to 4 feet (giant clam)  Lifespan: 3 years to over 500Diet:  Carnivore or herbivoreHabitat: Oceans and coastal waterways worldwidePopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Most are classified as Least Concern; mollusks make up nearly one-fourth of all marine animals on Earth.   Description Mollusks have a shell and soft body and usually have a distinguishable head and foot region. Some may have a hard covering, or exoskeleton. Mollusks also have a heart that pumps blood through their blood vessels, digestive system, and a nervous system. In addition to a shell, most mollusks have a muscular foot for creeping or burrowing, and some have a head with sense organs. Their soft body includes lungs or gills for breathing and digestive and reproductive parts. These are surrounded by a skin-like organ called the mantle. Mollusks also have bilateral symmetry- one side is a mirror image of the other- and can have one or two shells. Their organs are in a fluid-filled cavity; indeed, the very word mollusk in Latin means soft. The upper body, or the mantle, is a thin, muscular sheet that covers the internal organs. Most mollusks, particularly those with shells, also have gills in the central part of their body cavity. Despite looking fragile, mollusk shells are quite hard. Scientists are even studying nacre, a material found in mollusk shells, to develop materials that are stronger and lighter than steel. Puneet Vikram Singh, Nature and Concept photographer/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Mollusks- snails, sea slugs, octopuses, squid, and bivalves- are found in habitats ranging from freshwater lakes and rivers to shallow coastal waters to the deepest parts of the oceans, worldwide. Most live in the bottom sediments, though cephalopods are primarily free-swimming species; some snails and clams are terrestrial. Species Mollusks belong to the kingdom Animalia and there are tens of thousands of invertebrates that fit into the Mollusca phylum. New ones are still being discovered, and researchers continue to modify the number and grouping classifications. One common schema used by researchers includes seven classes: Gastropoda (snails and slugs)  Bivalvia (clams, scallops, oysters, mussels)  Cephalopoda (squid, octopi, nautilus)Monoplacophora (limpets)  Scaphopoda (tusk shells)  Aplacophora (shell-less, worm-like animals)  Polyplacophora (chitons)  Ã‚   Diet and Behavior Many mollusks feed using a radula, essentially a series of teeth on a cartilage base. The radula can be used for complex tasks, from grazing on marine algae or drilling a hole in another animals shell. The radula scrapes tiny plants and animals off rocks or tears food into chunks. The adoption of different feeding habits appears to have had a major influence on molluscan evolution, according to the University of California Museum of Paleontology: The change from grazing to other forms of food acquisition is one of the major features in the radiation of the group. Based on our current understanding of relationships, the earliest mollusks grazed on encrusting animals and detritus. Since mollusks are such a wide-ranging phylum, its helpful to look at how one of the organisms that belong to this group feeds and how it captures its prey. Consider the deadly blue-ringed octopus. This mollusk hunts small crabs and shrimp during the day, but it will eat bivalves and small fish if it can catch them. The octopus pounces upon its prey, using its tentacles to pull its catch toward its mouth. Then, its beak pierces the crustaceans exoskeleton and delivers the paralyzing venom. The venom is produced by bacteria in octopus saliva, a combination of tetrodotoxin, histamine, taurine, octopamine, acetylcholine, and dopamine. Once the prey is immobilized, this mollusk uses its beak to tear off chunks of the animal to eat. The saliva also contains enzymes that partially digest flesh, so that the octopus can suck it out of the shell. The blue-ringed octopus is immune to its own venom. Reproduction and Offspring Some mollusks have separate genders, with males and females represented in the species. Others are hermaphroditic, which means they have both male and female reproductive organs. The mollusk life cycle varies greatly among different classes of mollusks and among species within classifications. Squids reproduce sexually: The females lay fertilized eggs in the water which hatch into larvae and then develop on their own. Octopuses do the same, except the females carry the eggs with her until they hatch. Clams, mussels, and oysters produce larvae that drop through the sea water and attach to a host to grow to maturity on. The hosts are usually fish, but oysters prefer the shell of an adult oyster. Land snails are hermaphrodites that mate and both partners produce fertilized eggs. The eggs are deposited in the soil; they hatch with a shell but most consume calcium to make it harden.   Mollusks and Humans The primary use that humans have for mollusks and the rest of ocean-living animals is their ability to filter large quantities of water, up to 10 gallons each. Mollusks are also important to humans as a food source- especially in the Far East and the Mediterranean- and have contributed in numerous ways to human civilization. The shells of cowries (a type of small mollusk that belongs to the gastropod family) were used as money by Native Americans, and the pearls that grow in oysters, as the result of irritation by sand grains, have been treasured for centuries. Another type of mollusk, the murex, was cultured by the  ancient Greeks for its  dye, known as imperial purple, and the cloaks of some rulers were woven from long threads secreted by the bivalve species (twin-shelled mollusks)  called Pinna nobilis. Culturing Tahitian pearls. CampPhoto/Getty Images Conservation Status Over 8,600 molluscs are listed in the IUCN Red List, most classified as Least Concern or Data Deficient, although many are threatened or endangered. The phylum represents nearly one-fourth of all the species on the planet. Threats Increasing levels of carbon dioxide are raising the pH level of the worlds oceans, which in turn, increases the acidity of these bodies of water. This greatly weakens mollusks otherwise strong shells and even makes it difficult for them to produce shells in the first place, threatening their survival. If mollusks begin to die out in mass, then fish and other animals that feed off of them may suffer. Northeastern University marine biologist Brian Helmuth gives the example of the common mussel, a member of the family of bivalve mollusks. In addition to the problem of increased acidity in the oceans, which, as noted, makes it harder for these mollusks to produce shells, the increasing temperatures of the oceans and even the sand and air on the surrounding beaches can mean a death sentence for mussels. â€Å"You are sitting there in the blazing sun, you’re not going to be able to move,† Helmuth says. â€Å"You can’t escape the heat, you can’t escape the sun, you can’t go into a crevice like ... a crab.† Mussels can literally start to cook on the rocks if they get too hot. Helmuth adds that global warming is shrinking the habitat in which mussels and other mollusks can live. And since mollusks are such an integral part of the food chain, that could eventually affect many other animals that depend on them for sustenance. Sources Beeler, Carolyn. To Understand Climate Change, Look at it From a Mussels Perspective. PRIs The World, April 25, 2017.Martinez, Andrew J. Marine Life of the North Atlantic. Aqua Quest Publications, Inc.: New York, 2003.The Mollusca. University of California Museum of Paleontology.â€Å"Molluscs.†Ã‚  Biology Education.Mollusks. Factmonster.Phylum: Mollusks. Mollusk Science.Salvini-Plawen, Luitfried. â€Å"Mollusk.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 13 Apr. 2018,

Conducting training sessions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conducting training sessions - Essay Example Task D (printing of handout copies), will only commence after training materials (task B) shall have been developed, hence it depends on task B. At the same time, task E (developing PowerPoint slides) also depends on task B, hence, will only commence after task B is completed. However, task D and E are concurrent since they can take place or commence at the same time. After developing PowerPoint slides (task D), one can go ahead to conduct a practice training session (task F). However, task F cannot be carried out before task D, hence task F is dependent on task D. Lastly, to conduct user training sessions (task G), task C (confirming of arrangement of training facility), task D (printing of handout copies) and task F (conducting practice training sessions) must have been completed. It means therefore that, task G is dependent on task C, task D and task F. The critical path therefore is when the project comes from task A to C to G. this is the longest path that the project can take to a successful completion. It will take a total of 15 days for the training session to come from the start all through to completion. However, the project can take other alternative shorter routes like go through rout 1 and 2 above which take 11 days and 13 days

Benefits of Hodges University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Benefits of Hodges University - Essay Example Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting ideas verbally, nonverbally, and through the use of technology. Communication is very important, particularly for those who are aspiring to build a career in the field of education. In the course of my studies at the University, I learned the ways and significance of organizing thoughts. Communication must involve description, examples, reasons, and/or research to support assertions. Otherwise, the audience may be misled, which can be extremely dangerous in the teaching profession. Appropriate sentence structure and word selection are crucial since these linguistic skills would ultimately help me to express my ideas and interpretations. Also, the training imparted on using the software tools, electronic media, etc. would help me to increase interactivity during communication, especially while delivering a speech or writing an essay.Critical thinking involves thoughtful judgment, reflective decision making, application of rea sons, and drawing conclusions. Analysis and logic are the pillars of critical thinking. The University curriculum provided me with crucial articulation skills and knowledge in search strategies. It also helped me to learn how to interpret and analyze relationships, concepts, and facts on the basis of evidence and data. I learned how to clarify that whether I support, oppose, or remain neutral regarding a topic or belief. Also, I learned how to consider different viewpoints in the course of eliminating contradictions.

Abraham Lincolns second inaugural address Essay Example for Free

Abraham Lincolns second inaugural address Essay At the time of Abraham Lincoln’s second inaugural address, which was delivered in March 1865, the country had (long) been looking forward to the end of the Civil War. Lincoln’s second address is shorter than the first one because according to him there was no need for a long address because of the union’s current political situation. Compared to the first address, Lincoln is using many different kinds of rhetorical strategies like religious allusions, parallel structure, as well as diction in order to reunite a broken nation and make them feel united again, which I’m going to focus on in the following. Lincoln starts with the words â€Å"Fellow countrymen†, which shows that he sees himself on the same level as the other citizens, and not only their president. He also wants to emphasize that he pursues the same interests as everyone should: to stop the war. Lincoln often uses the rhetorical method of allusion, focusing on God and the Bible to reunite the country, the North and the South, by stating that they all have the same faith. In his second inaugural speech, Lincoln says, â€Å"Each looks for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God’s assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men’s faces, but let us judge not, that we are not judged.† In this paragraph Lincoln is quoting the Bible, which is very smart and effective of Lincoln to use religious allusions like the ones stated above; Therefore, a lot of people can relate. He also wanted to point out that they should all be on the same side and not fight against each other. The main reason why the Civil War started was that the North and the South ha At the time of Abraham Lincoln’s second inaugural address, which was delivered in March 1865, the country had (long) been looking forward to the end of the Civil War. Lincoln’s second address is shorter than the first one because according to him there was no need for a long address because of the union’s current political situation. Compared to the first address, Lincoln is using many different kinds of rhetorical strategies like religious allusions, parallel structure, as well as diction in order to reunite a broken nation and make them feel united again, which I’m going to focus on in the following. Lincoln starts with the words â€Å"Fellow countrymen†, which shows that he sees himself on the same level as the other citizens, and not only their president. He also wants to emphasize that he pursues the same interests as everyone should: to stop the war. Lincoln often uses the rhetorical method of allusion, focusing on God and the Bible to reunite the country, the North and the South, by stating that they all have the same faith. In his second inaugural speech, Lincoln says, â€Å"Each looks for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God’s assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men’s faces, but let us judge not, that we are not judged.† In this paragraph Lincoln is quoting the Bible, which is very smart and effective of Lincoln to use religious allusions like the ones stated above; Therefore, a lot of people can relate. He also wanted to point out that they should all be on the same side and not fight against each other. The usage of the word â€Å"both†, as in the quote above, often occurs during his speech, which is an example of how he uses his diction in order to try to connect the people and create a feeling of unity. The main reason why the Civil War started was that the North and the South had two different opinions on slavery. When Lincoln delivered his second address, this issue (was put in the background) but the two parties were still fighting. Lincoln also states, â€Å"†¦Let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This statement is also an allusion to the Bible, which he is using to impact the people to help bring the nation back together. Lincoln is mentioning the pronouns â€Å"us† and â€Å"we†, to point out that it is about time to reunite the country, combining the North and the South. The word â€Å"work† implies Lincoln’s recognition of the sheer diligence, effort, and commitment needed to finish the war, but it also implies that he does not glorify the war. Neither does he speak of magnificent triumphs nor does he threaten the South with punishment. Instead, he speaks with moderation and modest y. Another example of an allusion is at the beginning of the speech when Lincoln says, â€Å"All dreaded it, all sought to avert it.† He is trying to treat both parties equally by saying â€Å"all† and not mentioning just the North or just the South. Nobody wanted a war, and nobody was fairly prepared for one but after so many years of fighting, losses, tears, and deaths they now have to come together to fix the â€Å"broken nation† and make peace again. Lincoln also concludes: â€Å"Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman\s two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said ‘the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.’\. Relating to this quote one can tell that Lincoln is not very fond of the war, but his faith in God and religion are very clear to see. â€Å"With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan – to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations.† These lines show Lincolns religious character in various ways. â€Å"With malice toward none† implies that he is willing to forgive the South and to recreate the Union with them without judging. â€Å"[W]with charity for all† implies his willingness to love everyone as Christians are taught to love according to the Bible; and â€Å"with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right† This passage shows that Lincoln is a man of the law, but that through God the people are able to see what is right and what is wrong. It is clear to see that Lincoln does not s eparate the nation into the North and the South, not even when he mentions the fallen soldiers and their grieving families. To Lincoln it does not make a difference which party one belongs to but that every single citizen finds their own peace and most importantly that the nation finds its peace as one. The main goal in his first address was to keep the nation together and to prevent the upcoming Civil War. In contrast to the second address, Lincoln then stated very clearly that the fate of the Union lies in the hands of the South and only they can prevent the Civil War: â€Å"In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ‘preserve, protect, and defend it.’† He is calling the South themselves â€Å"the aggressors† and is separating himself and his union from the others, unlike his second address, in which he only uses the pronouns â€Å"us† and â€Å"we†, creating a unified feeling. d two different opinions on slavery. When Lincoln delivered his second address, this issue (was put in the background) but the two parties were still fighting. Lincoln also states, â€Å"†¦Let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This statement is also an allusion to the Bible, which he is using to impact the people to help bring the nation back together. Lincoln is mentioning the pronouns â€Å"us† and â€Å"we†, to point out that it is about time to reunite the country, combining the North and the South. The word â€Å"work† implies Lincoln’s recognition of the sheer diligence, effort, and commitment needed to finish the war, but it also implies that he does not glorify the war. Neither does he speak of magnificent triumphs nor does the threat the South with punishment. Instead, he speaks with moderation and modesty. Lincoln also expresses his compassion, his special concern for the soldiers and his thoughtfulness, as well as condolences towards the suffering families. This shows that he is a man of peace who is also a man committed to justice.