Use of Thematic Maps in Geography

A thematic map emphasizes a theme or topic, such as the average distribution of rainfall in an area. Theyre different from general reference maps because they dont just show natural and manmade features such as rivers, cities, political subdivisions, and highways. If these items appear on a thematic map, theyre reference points to enhance ones understanding of the maps theme and purpose. Normally, thematic maps use coastlines, city locations, and political boundaries as their basis. The maps theme is then layered onto this base map via different mapping programs and technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS). History Thematic maps didnt develop until the mid-17th century, because accurate base maps didnt exist before then. Once maps became accurate enough to correctly display coastlines, cities, and other boundaries, the first thematic maps were created. In 1686, for example, English astronomer Edmond Halley developed a star chart and published the first meteorological chart using base maps as his reference in an article he wrote about trade winds. In 1701, Halley published the first chart to show lines of magnetic variation,  a thematic map that later became useful in navigation. Halleys maps were largely used for navigation and study of the physical environment. In 1854, London doctor John Snow created the first thematic map used for problem analysis when he mapped choleras spread throughout the city. He began with a base map of Londons neighborhoods that included streets and water pump locations. He then mapped locations where people had died from cholera on that base map and found that the deaths clustered around one pump. He determined that the water coming from the pump was the cause of cholera. The first map of Paris showing population density was developed by Louis-Leger Vauthier, a French engineer. It used isolines (lines connecting points of equal value) to show population distribution throughout the city. He is believed to have been the first to use isolines to display a theme that didnt have to do with physical geography. Audiences and Sources The most significant factor to consider when designing thematic maps is the maps audience, which helps determine what items should be included on the map as reference points in addition to the theme. A map being made for a political scientist, for example, would need to show political boundaries, whereas one for a biologist might need contours showing elevation. The sources of thematic maps data are also important. Cartographers must find accurate, recent, reliable sources of information on a wide range of subjects, from environmental features to demographic data, to make the best possible maps. Once accurate data is found, there are various ways to use that data that must be considered with the maps theme. Univariate mapping deals with only one type of data and looks at the occurrence of one type of event. This process would be good for mapping a locations rainfall. Bivariate data mapping shows the distribution of two data sets and models their correlations, such as rainfall amounts relative to elevation. Multivariate data mapping, which uses two or more data sets, could look at rainfall, elevation, and the amount of vegetation relative to both, for example. Types of Thematic Maps Although cartographers can use data sets in different ways to create thematic maps, five thematic mapping techniques are used most often: The most common is the choropleth map, which portrays quantitative data as a color and can show density, percent, average value, or quantity of an event within a geographic area. Sequential colors represent increasing or decreasing positive or negative data values. Normally, each color also represents a range of values.Proportional or graduated symbols are used in another type of map to represent data associated with locations, such as cities. Data is displayed on these maps with proportionally sized symbols to show differences in occurrences. Circles are most often used, but squares and other geometric shapes are also suitable. The most common way to size these symbols is to make their areas proportional to the values to be depicted using mapping or drawing software.Another thematic map, the isarithmic or contour map, uses isolines to depict continuous values such as precipitation levels. These maps also can display three-dimensional values, such as elevation, on topographic maps. G enerally, data for isarithmic maps is gathered via measurable points (e.g. weather stations) or is collected by area (e.g. tons of corn per acre by county). Isarithmic maps also follow the basic rule that there are high and low sides in relation to the isoline. For example, in elevation, if the isoline is 500 feet, then one side must be higher than 500 feet and one side must be lower.A dot map, another type of thematic map, uses dots to show the presence of a theme and display a spatial pattern. A dot can represent one unit or several, depending on what is being depicted.Finally, dasymetric mapping is a complex variation on the choropleth map that uses statistics and additional information to combine areas with similar values instead of using the administrative boundaries common in a simple choropleth map.

Summer Internship Project on Iifl - 8145 Words

NO | PARTICULAR | PAGE NO | | | | | | | 1 | INTRODUCTION | 4 | | * INTRODUCTION TO INDIA INFOLINE | 4 | | * VISION | 5 | | * MISSION | 5 | | * HISTORY OF INDAIINFOLINE | 6-7 | | * MILESTONES ACHIVED | 8-9 | | * MARKET SHARE OF COMPANY | 9-10 | | * CHALLENGE FACED BY INDIAINFOLINE | 11 | | * MARKETING STRATGY OF INDIAINFOLINE | 12 | | | | 2 | OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT WORK | 13 | | * MAIN OBJECTIVE | 14 | | * OTHER OBJECTIVE | 14 | | | | 3 | LITERATURE REVIEW | 15-23 | | | | 3 | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | 24 | | * FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH SERVICE | 25 | | * TECHNICAL RESEARCH SERVICE | 26-28 | | * SWOT ANALYSIS | 28-29 | |†¦show more content†¦We are registered as a Category I merchant banker and are a SEBI registered portfolio manager. We also received the FII license in IIFL Inc. IIFL Securities Pte Ltd received approval from the Monetary Authority of Singapore to carry out corporate advisory and dealing in securities operations. Two subsidiaries – India Infoline Investment Services and Moneyline Credit Limited – are registered with RBI as non-deposit taking non-banking financial services companies. India infoline Housing Finance Ltd, the housing finance arm, is registered with the National Housing Bank. | VISION Our vision is to be the most respected company in the financial services space. MISSION â€Å"To become a full-fledged financial services company known for its quality of advice, personalized services and cutting edge technology† HISTROY OF INDIAINFOLINE The IndiaInfoline Group was originally incorporated on October 18, 1995 as Probity Research and Services Private Limited at Mumbai under the Companies Act, 1956 with Registration No. 11 93797. The IndiaInfoline Group commenced its operations as an independent provider of information, analysis and research covering Indian businesses, financial markets and economy, to institutional customers. We became a public limited company on April 28, 2000 and the name of the Company was changed to Probity Research and Services Limited. The name of the Company was changed to IndiaShow MoreRelatedTata Teleservices Ltd Internship Report13209 Words   |  53 PagesA SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT ON A STUDY OF PROMOTION PRACTICE OF TTEB Prepared by:- Paghadar Sagar. PGP+MBA Stevens Business School Company Guide:- Mr. Chetan Gurjar Mobility Head Of (Gujarat) TATA Teleservices Ltd. College Guide:- Dr. Himani Joshi Acknowledgement:- In the realization of one’s objective man is not an independent identity. It is the combined efforts of the people from diverse circle. Keeping this

Deep Ecololgy Essay Example For Students

Deep Ecololgy Essay Deep Ecology/EcosophyThe ideas behind deep ecology have major implications today. They allow people to think more profoundly about the environment and possibly come to a better understanding of their own meaning. People are intensely concerned about the worlds technological adolescence, massive consumerism, and overpopulation. A man named Arne Naess, former head of the philosophy department at the University of Oslo founded an idea that can direct peoples anxiety away from their shallow notion of the problem to one that is much deeper. Deep ecology goes beyond the limited piecemeal shallow approach to environmental problems and attempts to articulate a comprehensive religious and philosophical worldview. (EE p.145) In its most basic form, deep ecology is a wisdom, an ecosophy, which requires humans to see themselves as part of the bigger picture. Naess, Devall, and Sessions outline basic principles of deep ecology in their writing. Furthermore, they address the roles that scientific ecology plays as well as the concept of self-realization. Aside from these ideas, ecosabotage needs to be discussed in terms of how it fits with the practice of deep ecology. The basic principles of deep ecology as characterized by the authors mentioned, show us what is supposedly wrong with the world and also give us a framework by which we can make a change. In fact, Naess and Sessions went camping in Death Valley, California in order to gain a different perspective. They condensed fifteen years their thought on the topic of deep ecology in an effort to make it appeal to people from all kinds of backgrounds. They also emphasize that these principles must all be considered together. The first principle states that the value of life, human or non-human, is intrinsic. This means that everything about it is valuable, including individuals, species, populations, habitat, and culture. When considering non-human life, it important to remember that deep ecology likes to include that which can be classified as non-living such as bodies of water and landscapes. Essentially, the presence of inherent value in a natural object is independent of any awareness, interest, or appreciation of it by a conscious being. (EE p.147) Another principle states that the diversity of life forms contributes to our appreciation of their value, but again, they also have values in and of themselves. The ecological field worker (persons with first hand experience with life forms) is highly aware of this. To the ecological field worker, the equal right to live and blossom is an intuitively clear and obvious value axiom. Unfortunately, most humans limit this care for humans only, which is a terr ible ?anthropocentrism. Modern society has done much to prevent us from relationships with non-human life and thus contributed to our own loss. Diversity improves chances of survival by means of creating new ways to live in many different forms. Deep ecology likes to reevaluate the concept of survival of the fittest to one that preaches harmonious coexistence instead killing and domination. Again, this idea is included in the context of human culture and economy. ?Live and let live is a more powerful ecological principle than ?Either you or me (EE p.135)Sessions and Naess make it another principle that humans have no right to reduce richness and diversity of life, except to fulfill vital needs. First-world nations are not going to reduce their negative effects on the non-human world in record breaking time. Strategies need to be adopted to bring about change to get rid of human delusion and laziness on these issues. Time is of great importance, considering the longer we wait the gre ater the problem will become. Richness and diversity face major losses given the extinction rate in our time is exponentially greater than in the past. Organizational Behavior and Concepts EssayEcosabotage is the most controversial issue surrounding deep ecology. Whether or not the philosophy behind deep ecology justifies these actions, is another question. Ecologists are indispensable tools in all societies because they can use their knowledge for political benefit. They can choose what companies they want to work for depending on their policies. Excitingly, the more ecologists there are, the more ignorant companies will suffer. Ecosabotage is when these kinds of principles go ?on steroids. Ecosaboteurs have been known to put spikes on forest trees, vandalize fur clothing, organize violent protests, and even burn down fancy resorts like the recent attack on Vail. They often feel that the only way to make a difference is too become extreme. These stunts do gain plenty of publicity and most probably influence the way many people think. The downside however, is that these attack can anger companies and make them less respectful of t he ecologists, resulting in little progress. Furthermore, the philosophy of deep ecology is peaceful and meditative. In order for things to happen quickly however, action needs to be taken. This century promises all kinds of environmental disasters. Maybe ecosabotage and revolutionary measures are the only way to get a good start on prevention. Deep ecology makes a good deal of sense. Before learning about this, shallow ecology seemed legitimate. Clearly, the principles behind deep ecology could be far more productive than anything practiced today. Some will argue that complete acceptance of deep ecology is absurd. Completely neglecting our anthropocentric perspective means that we have forgotten where we stand in the whole picture. We have been around a short while in comparison with life of the earth. It could easily go through another dramatic climatic shift and we would be history, and probably succeeded by a new form of life. The point is that humans share something valuable. Of course it is anthropocentric and it is worth saving. The other issue that seems debatable is the current state of economics and the market. These writing by Naess and company are somewhat dated and much has changed since then with the advent of the Internet. Is global village really such a bad thing if we use it properly? Deep ecology wants to preserve cultures and independent economies. I do not know which side to join at this point in time. I want to believe in most of what deep ecology holds true, however some issues make me uncertain. Ethics and Morals

The Development of an Effective Marketing Plan and Its Management

Introduction Marketing management entails the utilization of ample business strategies that can lead to organizational success, performance, as well as productivity. This entails an integration of marketing mix strategies via appropriate business planning with an intention of enhancing business sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of an Effective Marketing Plan and Its Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The facilitation of marketing management entails conducting a situation analysis by market researchers, aimed at identifying the key features of organizational internal and external environment. The key essence of a situation analysis is demonstrated in the development of an effective marketing plan. Consideration of both internal and external organizational variables offers a direction for effective construction of a situation analysis, which is an appropriate measurement for o rganizational level of development. Recent research addresses an essence of conducting organizational SWOT analysis, which helps in identification of organizational strengths and weaknesses in addition to opportunities and threats. A comprehensive SWOT Analysis is significant in the development of strategies that foster development. Therefore, individual elements expression of SWOT analysis by managers who spearhead marketing outlines is crucial in conduction of strategic marketing processes (Barron and Hollingshead, 2002). The discussion in this paper explores the issue of marketing management in relation to situation analysis and its essence in the development of a marketing plan. A guide to the steps involved construction of a situation analysis will also be presented. More over, it is crucial to investigate into the necessity of managers in organizational marketing department conducting SWOT analysis. Furthermore, an establishment of how marketing managers should express their p ersonal business elements will ultimately be established. Role played by situation analysis in the development of a marketing plan Marketing plan development is highly attributed to effectiveness in situation analysis conduction. The recent few decades have seen situation analysis gaining popularity among practitioners, researchers, as well as academicians, due to the identification of strategic roles, which it plays. The organizational external and environment is easily studied with the conduction of a situation analysis.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The identification of the organizational environment aids in providing a direction for strategic planning as well as identification of major challenges likely to invade a business. Research findings consider situation analysis to serve as a linkage of resources that an organization possesses to its competitive advantage in a volatile environment. A situation analysis aids n the identification of possible risks. This is a genuine step in the laying of appropriate mitigation of risk strategies as a risk management planning methodology. Strategic business positioning is highly attributed to the effectiveness in the conduction of situation analysis. It is crucial for a business to position itself at a strategic point to enhance their ability in overcoming common business challenges, for instance competition, crisis in the economy as well as internal threats (Pellettiere, 2006). Additionally, the management of organizational change is boosted when an effective situation analysis framework is drawn. Situation’s framework helps market researchers and organizational management in identifying areas that need change and develop a plan that can facilitate the implementation of change management strategies. It is in situation analysis that the strengths of an organization are realized, which the organizatio nal management utilizes to implement change management strategies for enhancement of competitive advantage. Identification of opportunities is ample in construction of weaknesses overcoming programs, while the realization of threats is constructive in setting management standards to a level of overcoming organizational threats (Pellettiere, 2006). Array of internal and external variables a marketing manager would need to consider when constructing a situation analysis A variety of internal and external variables need be considered by marketing managers in the process of constructing a situation analysis. The situation analysis entails an analysis of SWOT, organizations market structure, market forces that are in influence of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of an Effective Marketing Plan and Its Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Variables are items within and outside an organization that influence the operations, and accumulate to become a sum total of an item of concern within the organization (Reed, 2003). The internal variables play a pivotal role in driving organizational success. However, many organizations have failed in their operation as a result of violating the most crucial of these. For instance, marketing managers need to consider communication models thriving within his organization. Secondly, leadership components must be carefully evaluated and analyzed in the construction of a situation analysis. The resources that an organization has are also a crucial component n the process of situation analysis construction. Other internal variables are organization’s capabilities for research and development, capabilities that human resource has to execute their duties in accordance to organizational requirements. More over, a consideration for competitive position of an organization is crucial in the process of constructing a situation analysis. Furthermore, it is crucial that responsiveness and coordination of operations management as well as the control of marketing strategies play an important part in the construction of situation analysis (Reed, 2003). The external variables include marketing managers need to diagnose and analyze macro-level factors like the economy and social-cultural factors in addition to , legal and political factors. It is also vital to consider competition review, an analysis of the customers, characteristics of the supply characteristics etc. An understanding of organizational distribution channels versus buyers also plays a vital role in the construction of the situation analysis (Reed, 2003). Guide for the construction of an effective situation analysis Every organization must have an effective situation analysis constructed in order to succeed in marketing management plans. The first step need be the realization of the significance and the scope of such a planning for effective marke ting strategies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The products and the experience of an organization must be carefully considered in addition to provision of a clear definition of business. The market that is prevailing and its forces are also a component that needs be identified Reed, 2003). The second step entails the marketing managers need to evaluate and diagnose the internal organizational variables/ characteristics, which are important in the construction of a situation analysis, a process that aids in new strategies implementation within an organization. The internal characteristics are those that directly affect its operations. These include the models of leadership, management, organization, commitment, and participation that are emphasized within the organization. The internal environment of an organization is also dictated by non-marketing capabilities such as human resource functions, responsiveness, and activities coordination within an organization. Non-marketing capabilities are also marked by the financial position as well as the position for competition within the volatile environment. Marketing capabilities need be analyzed that include the company’s sustained and target customers, competitive environment (Reed, 2003). Thirdly, the marketing managers need to analyze the external environment, which entails an investigation into the macro-environment as social, political, and economic factors need be analyzed. The managers need to perform an environmental scanning technique with an aim of identifying channels, the scope of competition, organizational customers as well characteristics of supply. The identification of the external environment is crucial in development of marketing planning strategies as well as ultimate implementation for productivity enhancement (Reed, 2003). The evaluation of the internal and external organizational environment acts as a driver to the management conduction of situation analysis. This employs appropriate analysis tools and techniques that help realize o rganizational threats, opportunities, as well as weaknesses. The analysis acts as a rationale for strategy implementation towards a new business course. Self-identification paves way for change, which is always an inevitable component within business fields. This type of identification is ample in spearheading development plans as well as strategies (Reed, 2003). The ultimate step involves the realization of the key organizational competitors in relation to their operations, core business, as well as strategic operations. Today’s environment has become so volatile in terms of competition due to the emergence of organizations that rhyme in the production areas, producing similar products and brands. It is therefore ample foe an organization to focus on the identification of such components in business. It is crucial at this stage to select a number of competitors to analyze and come up with a rationale for competition eradication. The investigation into competitors need be bas ed on the marketing strategies that are commonly in utilization by major organizations as a prerequisite for creation of new business forms and performance strategies (Reed, 2003). Importance of SWOT analysis Identification of opportunities, threats, and weaknesses, as well as strengths is crucial since is a fundamental concept for marketing management. The SWOT analysis serves as a ground for self-classification and realization by the organization. This realization acts as a factor that dictates the organizational direction. Valuation of a company can be attained via conduction of a situation analysis. SWOT helps identify opportunities in the internal and external environment, which would act as avenues for organizational expansion. Business expansion in the local and international realms is facilitated by the opportunities that are available for development of new products as well as organizational structure (Albright, 2004). SWOT helps in the organizational alertness due to the r ampant threats that act as invaders of the business organization. This system helps identify future business loopholes that would easily lead to the collapse of a business. Swot analysis is a tool for the establishment of a strategic position, which is ample in dealing with threats that cannot be dealt with easily. Some threats are fatal to an organization, especially when change is not effectively managed by the stakeholders concerned. It is also essential to recognize that SWOT analysis sets a base for research conduction within an organization, where marketing managers are able to take a distinct direction in their operations. Strategic marketing is facilitated by the synthesis of those SWOT procedures that could be evaluated and described. It is with SWOT analysis that an organization develops a new direction in the marketing management and in the development of planning models (Novicevic, et al., 2004). Importance of SWOT analysis framework in the development of marketing strat egies Marketing strategies need be attributed to a comprehensive analysis in terms of external and internal environments via environmental scanning. The identification of the organizational strengths helps in measuring the capability that an organization has to help it deal with the upcoming challenges. Identification of strengths helps in setting new and suitable future objectives in the marketing realms. The strengths are also ample to help the company set targets for business within the internal and the external realms. Additionally, the identification of opportunities acts as a base for setting new Customer relationship strategies that are aimed at reaching more customers. Opportunity identification is an instrument that paves way for employee and management commitment to work towards the achievement of a larger target market (Raaij, 2005). Change implementation is also easy when an organization is able to identify the opportunities. More over, the threats that an organization e xpects to meet with are easily identified, a factor that makes it possible for identification of new distribution channels. Responsiveness and coordination of marketing development strategies is possible via newly developed channels. The weaknesses identification helps the management in the revision of the management frameworks, a factor that leads to strategic marketing techniques build up. The Swot analysis is an ample tool for an organization to identify new outsourcing strategies that would easily enhance the corporate governance. The corporate governance is important because of enhancing organizational competitive advantage, which leads to the development of marketing strategies (Freeman, 2005). Expression of individual elements by managers in their SWOT The development of ample marketing strategies calls for a coordination of the most important factors that drive organizational success. Marketing managers play a pivotal role in the development of marketing plans, therefore, th ey need to be very enthusiastic, be interested in the projects that are at hand, as well as be experienced in marketing strategies. The elements that are ample for managers to possess are determination, commitment, and excellent leadership. They should also be able to possess motivated attitudes for strategy implementation and their manipulation to get the expected results for development of strategic marketing plans. Self-driven attitudes are crucial in development of new tactics (Pellettiere, 2006). In the expression of individual elements by managers, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats need be cautiously addressed. For instance, a big corporation like the coca cola company has strength due to possession a strong brand name. The marketing manager at Coca Cola Company need find out the extent to which the name has played a role in the company’s market expansion and find out the best ways in which the name can be utilized to develop a better market for thei r products. The brand name is ample in the establishment of appropriate Customer Relationship Management strategies in the internal and external markets (Pellettiere, 2006). Secondly, the marketing manager at the coca cola company needs address on the company opportunities that can foster the development of a marketing plan. For instance, they can sponsor the world cup or other activities in most countries, whose ultimate goal is to promote their corporate social responsibility as well as competitive advantage. The competitive advantage makes the company to market their brand name a well as their products over a wide market scope. On the other hand, competition as a threat to the company, hence they can address the best strategies that would easily overcome the threats, others that are not easy to deal with. The marketing managers need express their commitment in dealing with both internal and external threats. Finally, the managers are entrusted with evaluating and synthesizing mod els that are suitable in addressing the organizational weaknesses. On the realization that a company is in financial crisis, intelligence of the managers plays a pivotal role in addressing the need. It is important that they come up with marketing plans that are cheap in terms of financing and that are expensive in marketing the company’s products. The elements of managers in the development of marketing strategies that are competitive is crucial in enhancing marketing management (Pellettiere, 2006). Conclusion The viability of any business venture depends on the location in which it operates. In this case, a situation analysis is very important before setting up a business, as it supports an investor in drawing a business plan. It is important to understand the external business environment, as this will allow the entrepreneur to plan strategic positioning of the new venture. Various factors affect the external environment including economic conditions, socio-cultural factor s, political stability, and available technology. In addition, it is important to draw a situation analysis framework especially in times of change, as this will enhance effective change management. In constructing a situation analysis framework, a number of steps is adopted, the first one being realization of the significance and the scope of such a planning for effective marketing strategies, which also entail understanding the business clearly. The second step involves evaluating the internal organizational variables that influence strategy implementation in an organization. This includes a SWOT analysis that identifies the various strengths inherent in the firm, weaknesses that need to be worked upon, opportunities that the firm needs to pursue, and threats that are likely to affect the smooth running of the business. The third step involves scanning the external environment in order to understand what game plan the business should play in order to be competitive. The external e nvironment evaluation will entail identifying the main competitors, the products they offer and strategies they use in the market, as well as other external variables included in PEST. Lastly, SWOT analysis is an important tool in a business especially in formulation and implementation of marketing strategies. A firm will need to understand its strength, which give it competitive advantage and then work to reinforce them. In addition, understanding weaknesses will help the firm to know what strategy to apply in the market to avoid other firms taking advantage. Moreover, identification of opportunities and threats in the market will; allow the firm to develop marketing strategies that will be unique when compared to competitors. Reference List Albright, K., 2004, Environmental scanning: radar for success. Information Management Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3. ABI/INFORM Global. (Attached material). Barron, J. and Hollingshead, J., 2002, Making segmentation work. Marketing Management, Vol. 1 1, No. 1. ABI/INFORM Global. (Attached material). Freeman, N., 2005, Extended marketing mix drives service delivery. Ophthalmology Times, Vol. 30, Issue 20. (Attached material). Novicevic, M. et al., 2004. Dual-perspective SWOT: a synthesis of marketing intelligence and planning. Marketing intelligence and planning, Vol. 22, No. 1. ABI/INFORM Global. Pellettiere, V., 2006. Organization Self-Assessment to Determine the Readiness and Risk for a Planned. Organization Development Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4. Raaij, E., 2005. The strategic value of customer profitability analysis. Marketing intelligence and planning, Vol. 23, No. 4/5. ABI/INFORM Global. Reed, P. (2003). Strategic Marketing Planning. Australia: Thomson. This essay on The Development of an Effective Marketing Plan and Its Management was written and submitted by user Neil T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.